Instead of taking a pill that may have significant complications, what if an erectile dysfunction medication could be delivered in the form of a gel, cream or lotion?
Although a solution is not available currently, nanoparticles may be the answer in the future as the microparticles can carry the active ingredient of nitric oxide.
The new system, tested successfully on a small number of animals, could potentially prevent side effects associated with oral ED medications, if study results can be replicated in humans.
That could mean safer and more effective ED therapy for millions of men with heart disease and other health problems affecting erectile function.
The study is published in the online edition of the Journal of Sexual Medicine.
Development of ED medications has improved the sexual health of individuals spanning the globe. Tens of millions of men have benefited from oral ED medications such as sildenafil (Viagra), vardenafil (Levitra), and tadalafil (Cialis).
However, according to background information in the article, these medications – which belong to a class of drugs called phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitors – have limitations.
They can cause systemic side effects that can be serious. These side effects include headache, facial flushing, nasal congestion, upset stomach, abnormal vision as well as isolated reports of hearing and vision loss.
Men who’ve recently suffered a heart attack or stroke or have severe heart disease should use these drugs with caution or not at all. In addition, “an estimated 30 to 50 percent of men with ED do not respond to oral use of PDE5 inhibitors,” says senior author Kelvin P. Davies, Ph.D., associate professor of urology at Einstein.
The drug-delivery system, developed by Einstein scientists, consists of nanoparticles – each smaller than a grain of pollen – that can carry tiny payloads of various drugs or other medically useful substances and release them in a controlled and sustained manner.
The limited number of topical formulations of ED drugs has so far proven ineffective. This study was done to evaluate whether the Einstein nanoparticles, which have been shown to penetrate the skin, might allow the targeted delivery of compounds that treat ED and thereby avoid the drugs’ systemic effects.
An effective topical therapy could be especially significant for those ED patients – particularly men with diabetes – who have reduced levels of nitric oxide (NO), the signaling molecule that dilates blood vessels responsible for erectile activity. These men, who often aren’t helped by oral PDE5 inhibitor drugs, may benefit from direct application of NO or the PDE5 inhibitors.
The nanoparticles were tested on a total of 18 rats bred to have age-related ED. The rats were divided into three treatment groups. One group of seven rats received nanoparticles encapsulating NO. A second group of five rats received nanoparticles encapsulating NO plus an experimental ED drug called sialorphin (which has a mechanism of action different from PDE5 inhibitors). A third group of six received nanoparticles encapsulating NO plus tadalafil (Cialis).
Five of the seven rats treated with the NO-containing nanoparticles, and all 11 rats treated with nanoparticles encapsulating NO plus sialorphin or tadalafil showed significantly improved erectile function. None of the seven rats in a control group, which received empty nanoparticles, showed any improvement.
“Most of the animals, nearly 90 percent, showed a response to treatment with the nanoparticles,” says co-author Joel M. Friedman, M.D., Ph.D., professor of physiology & biophysics and of medicine. Dr. Friedman developed the nanoparticles with his son Adam Friedman, M.D., chief resident in the division of dermatology of the department of medicine at Montefiore Medical Center, The University Hospital and Academic Medical Center for Einstein.
“The response time to the nanoparticles was very short, just a few minutes, which is basically what people want in an ED medication,” adds Dr. Davies. “In both rats and humans, it can take 30 minutes to one hour for oral ED medications to take effect.”
Postmortem examination of the tissues at the site of administration showed no signs of local inflammation or toxicity. “In addition, when we applied the nanoparticles at therapeutic doses, we found no indication of systemic side effects,” says Dr. Friedman.
The Einstein research team will carry out safety and dosing studies in rats in the coming months. Clinical studies on humans could begin in a few years if animal studies continue to show that the nanoparticle delivery system is safe and effective. But the investigators caution that the time from a proof-of-concept trial in animals to approved use in humans may be a decade or more.
